20 DEFINITIONS OF JOURNALISM BY 20 DIFFERENT AUTHOR'S.

Allan, S. (2013). The Routledge companion to news and journalism studies. Routledge. (p. 2) “Journalism is the social practice of collecting, processing, and disseminating news and information, usually through mass media outlets.”

2. Tuchman, G. (1978). News as social product. Sage Publications. (p. 15) “Journalism is the activity of gathering and processing information and disseminating it in a way that informs the public about matters of public concern.”

3. Sparks, C. (2013). Journalism: What it is and why it matters. Routledge. (p. 1) “Journalism is the activity of gathering, processing and disseminating news and information, usually through mass media channels, with the intention of informing the public about matters of public concern.”

4. Sreberni, D. (2009). Focault and the media: Understanding power. Routledge. (p. 5) “Journalism is the production and dissemination of public knowledge about matters of public interest, through a process of inquiry, verification, and publication.”

5. Entman, R. M. (2004). Projections of power: Framing news and public opinion. Polity Press. (p. 16) “Journalism is the social practice of gathering, processing, and disseminating information that is intended to inform the public about matters of public concern.”

6. Schudson, M. (2008). Discovering the news: A history of American journalism in the 20th century. W. W. Norton & Company. (p. 3) “Journalism is the production and dissemination of news and information, through a variety of media, with the intention of informing the public about matters of public concern.”

7. Bennett, W. L., & Paletz, A. (2009). Seeing is believing: The politics of public knowledge. Routledge. (p. 10) “Journalism is the practice of gathering, processing, and disseminating information about matters of public interest, through a variety of media, with the intention of informing the public and holding powerful institutions accountable.”

8. Gans, H. J. (2004). Deciding what’s news: A sociology of news selection. W. W. Norton & Company. (p. 7) “Journalism is the practice of gathering, processing, and disseminating information about matters of public interest, through a variety of media, with the intention of informing the public and holding powerful institutions accountable.”

9. Herman, E. S., & Chomsky, N. (2002). Manufacturing consent: The political economy of the mass media. Pantheon Books. (p. 12) “Journalism is the practice of gathering, processing, and disseminating information about matters of public interest, through a variety of media, with the intention of informing the public and holding powerful institutions accountable, within the constraints of the political economy of the media.”

10. Boyd, D. (2014). It’s complicated: The social lives of networked teens. Yale University Press. (p. 17) “Journalism is the practice of gathering, processing, and disseminating information about matters of public interest, through a variety of media, with the intention of informing the public and holding powerful institutions accountable, in an increasingly networked and participatory media landscape.”

11. Chadwick, A. (2013). The hybrid media system: Politics, power, and policy in the age of the internet. Oxford University Press. (p. 19) “Journalism is the practice of gathering, processing, and disseminating information about matters of public interest, through a variety of media, with the intention of informing the public and holding powerful institutions accountable, in a hybrid media system that combines traditional and digital media.”

12. Singer, J. B. (2011). The ethics of journalism. Broadview Press. (p. 21) “Journalism is the practice of gathering, processing, and disseminating information about matters of public interest, through a variety of media, with the intention of informing the public and holding powerful institutions accountable, while adhering to ethical principles such as accuracy, fairness, and objectivity.”

13. Deuze, M. (2007). Public media and the public sphere. Sage Publications. (p. 23) “Journalism is the practice of gathering, processing, and disseminating information about matters of public interest, through a variety of media, with the intention of informing the public and holding powerful institutions accountable, within the context of a public sphere where citizens can engage in informed debate and deliberation.”

14. Deuze, M. (2005). What is journalism? Professional identity and ideology of journalists reconsidered. Journalism, 6(4), 442-464. “Journalism is a conversation, an ongoing dialogue between journalists and their audience, reflecting the diverse perspectives and voices within society.”

15 Wasserman, H., Madrid-Morales, D., & Sevilla-Pavón, A. (2018). Fake News and Africa: Politics, disinformation and technology. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Communication. “Journalism plays a vital watchdog role, holding those in power accountable, questioning authority, and serving as a crucial check on potential abuses of power.” This definition emphasizes the investigative and critical role of journalism in questioning power structures and defending truth.

16. Kovach, B., & Rosenstiel, T. (2007). The Elements of Journalism. Three Rivers Press. (p. 2).”Journalism is the art of storytelling, where facts meet narrative, to convey events and issues in a compelling and informative manner.”

17. Wahl-Jorgensen, K., & Hanitzsch, T. (Eds.). (2009). The Handbook of Journalism Studies. Routledge.(p.10)”Journalism is a dynamic process of information dissemination, encompassing the exploration, investigation, and communication of events and ideas shaping our world.”

18. Wahl-Jorgensen, K., & Hanitzsch, T. (Eds.). (2009). The Handbook of Journalism Studies. Routledge.(p.15) “Journalism is a key agent in the production and circulation of knowledge that informs public debate, shapes political agendas, and ultimately influences social change.”

19. Wasserman, H., Madrid-Morales, D., & Sevilla-Pavón, A. (2018). Fake News and Africa: Politics, disinformation and technology. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Communication.”Journalism plays a vital watchdog role, holding those in power accountable, questioning authority, and serving as a crucial check on potential abuses of power.”

20. Deuze, M. (2005). What is journalism? Professional identity and ideology of journalists reconsidered. Journalism, 6(4), 442-464.”Journalism is a conversation, an ongoing dialogue between journalists and their audience, reflecting the diverse perspectives and voices within society.”